Universidad de Salamanca
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Brecha DigitalEnero 2005

¿Qué es la brecha digital?

La Brecha Digital (en inglés: The Digital Divide) cuantifica la diferencia existente entre países, sectores y personas que tienen acceso a los instrumentos y tecnologías de la información y la capacidad de utilizarlos y aquellos que no lo tienen; lo cual comporta unas consecuencias a nivel social y económico que incrementarán aun más las diferencias existentes entre países ricos y pobres, asi como entre distintos sectores sociales dentro de los mismos países

1. "La Brecha Digital y sus Repercusiones en los Países Miembros de la ALADI". Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI), 2002.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información

Resumen: El presente documento parte desde el análisis del estado de difusión de las Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones (TIC), en aquellas variables que se han considerado de mayor trascendencia para la medición del objeto central de este estudio, que es la Brecha Digital, y la situación de las mismas en cada uno de los países de la Asociación, reforzando la idea de que su absorción, por parte de los países, trae beneficios claros en el crecimiento económico y en el bienestar de sus poblaciones. A partir de la conceptualización de la Brecha Digital, desarrolla una metodología novedosa para medirla, de naturaleza estrictamente técnica, y señala las principales acciones asumidas por los países miembros para atenuar sus efectos negativos, así como para potenciar el uso de las TIC. Finalmente, propone un conjunto de recomendaciones, en el marco de una propuesta globalizante, denominada Sociedad de la Información, orientadas a superar las limitaciones identificadas, agrupadas en cinco áreas: conectividad y acceso, información, educación, fortalecimiento de empresas tecnológicas y participación en foros y organismos especializados en Internet. El estudio se complementa con tres anexos: Metodología de cálculo de la Brecha Digital Pura, Ingreso Nacional Bruto (INB) per cápita, por países, y la relación existente entre la Brecha Digital y la Sociedad de la Información. Documento elaborado por la Secretaría General de acuerdo a lo previsto en el Programa de Actividades de la Asociación correspondiente al año 2002 (Actividad V-32). Texto completo: http://www.aladi.org/nsfaladi/estudios.nsf/decd25d818b0d76c032567da0062fec1/169f2e26bfc7a23c03256d74004d6c5f/$FILE/157Rev1.pdf

2. "Reducir la Brecha Digita". La Sociedad de la Información en el siglo XXI: un requisito para el desarrollo, 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Países en desarrollo

Resumen: De forma sencilla, la "brecha digital" es el término que se emplea para expresar que entre países, y entre diferentes grupos de personas dentro de cada país, existe una amplia disparidad entre aquellos que tienen acceso real a las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación y aquellos que no lo tienen. Aunque existe una gran variedad de TIC, tanto de naturaleza analógica (por ejemplo, radiodifusión analógica de radio y televisión, líneas telefónicas analógicas..) como digital (por ejemplo, comunicaciones móviles GSM, líneas ADSL, comunicación basada en protocolos TCP/IP...) se utiliza el adjetivo “digital” para referirse a la brecha en términos de acceso y uso de las TIC en su conjunto, sea cual fuere su naturaleza.

3. "La Sociedad de la Información en el siglo XXI: un requisito para el desarrollo: Buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas.". La Sociedad de la Información en el siglo XXI: un requisito para el desarrollo, 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Sociedad de la información

Resumen: Este libro nace en el contexto de la Cumbre Mundial de la Sociedad de la Información, auspiciada por Naciones Unidas, y responde a dos ideas clave que han estado presentes en todo el proceso preparatorio de dicha Cumbre, así como en la base del Plan de Acción “e-Europa 2005”, aprobado por el Consejo Europeo, celebrado en Sevilla en junio de 2002. Por un lado, el convencimiento de que el desarrollo de la Sociedad de la Información, lejos de ser un fin en sí mismo, es un objetivo que tiene como razón de ser la mejora y el aumento de la calidad de vida del ciudadano. Por otro, que son muchas las acciones emprendidas en los últimos años orientadas a hacer llegar las ventajas del uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, las TIC, a todas las regiones y ámbitos sociales, y que es necesario partir de estos ejercicios reales, de su mayor o menor fortuna, para aprender de la experiencia y seguir avanzando sobre bases sólidas. Texto compelto: http://www.desarrollosi.org/PDF/Texto_publicacion_esp.pdf

4. "Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación: una brecha histórica, una oportunidad histórica". Cumbre Mundial sobre la sociedad de la información, 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información

Resumen: La evidente brecha en el acceso a las telecomunicaciones entre los países desarrollados y en desarrollo se detectó por primera vez en el innovador Informe de la UIT "El eslabón perdido" en 1984. Desde entonces, la principal prioridad de gobiernos y organismos internacionales ha sido acelerar la implantación de las telecomunicaciones en las economías menos aventajadas. En dos décadas se han alcanzado logros enormes en la infraestructura de la telefonía fija. Texto completo: http://www.geocities.com/brecha_digital/itu/ICTdigitaldividetimeline-es.doc

5. Abdul Samad, R., "The double edged sword : a brief comparison of it and Internet development in Malaysia and some few neighboring countries in the context of digital divide". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 67, 2001.

Descriptores: Internet/Asia/Bibliotecas digitales/Brecha digital

Resumen: This paper attempts to show that although there exists a digital divide between the developed and the developing countries the development of IT and Internet has had a profound political social and economic impact on developing countries. Information Technology (IT) and Internet revolution are shaping the world into new polarized entities owing to the uneven distribution of wealth, physical development and literacy. Not only unequal distribution of wealth has for developing countries impeded the acquisition of IT and Internet there is a real danger that IT and Internet themselves WILL exacerbate the existing divide between developed and developing countries. The political and socio- economic scenario in Malaysia has been affected by the emergence of IT and Internet for the better or worse. Malaysia at the beginning of the new millenium under its Prime Minister Dr. Mahathir Mohamad appears to be standing on a double edged-sword. With the inauguration of his brain child, the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC), Mahathir is facing an uphill task in his political career and reputation. The paradox is that is while Dr. Mahathir's administration is a strong advocate of IT and Internet in the interest of economic development it fears the erosive effects on political control and influence. In short the IT and Internet are both a dream as well as a nightmare. Mahathir initiates and pushes the nation into IT, but now IT seems to be one of the reasons for his waning power. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla67/papers/029-163e.pdf

6. Anderson, C. G., "American Indian tribal Web sites: a review and comparison ". Electronic library, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2003, pp. 450-455.

Descriptores: Cultura tradicional/Internet/Estados Unidos/Brecha digital

Resumen: Many Native American tribes have Web sites, but the content of these sites varies depending on a number of factors, including the audience, purpose and context of the site, geographic distribution of tribal members, economic factors, tribal policies, and the digital divide. Some sites are geared primarily to non-Native tourists and the general public, while others are designed to reach out to those tribal members who live far from Indian lands. Economic factors impact both the type of Web site the tribe can afford and the ability of tribal members to access the Internet. Tribal policies and cultural traditions determine what kind of information can be included. There are also a number of attributes that are common to most tribal Web sites. This article looks at both the similarities and the differences among American Indian tribal Web sites. Texto completo. http://zerlina.emeraldinsight.com/vl=1185148/cl=25/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/cw/mcb/02640473/v21n5/s7/p450

7. Arquette, T. J., "Crossing the Chasm from Divide to Opportunity: The IIQ as a Method for Observing and Measuring the TransitiontToward E-Development ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Medición

Resumen: This research explores the various discursive approaches to framing the research on the digital divide. From a meta-analysis of the different discursive frameworks, an synthesized analytic framework, the Information Intelligence Quotient (IIQ), is proposed to as a tool for assessing the state of a target community’s information and communication system development. Comparative analysis of the different discursive frameworks through the IIQ is empirically explored. The results provide descriptive evidence that regardless of discursive framework, there is a digital divide. Texto compelto: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/index.html

8. Ballestero, F., "Brecha digital: una herida que requiere intervención". IESE Business School, 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Países en desarrollo

Resumen: Se entiende por brecha digital la fuerte desigualdad que surge en las sociedades por la diferencia entre los que acceden a las nuevas tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) e incorporan su uso en la vida cotidiana, y aquellos que o no pueden o no saben acceder. Esta nueva forma de desigualdad que se suma a la ya existente, derivada de las diferencias en los niveles de renta puede acabar generando un agravamiento de la exclusión social de ciertos sectores de la población. La brecha digital puede producirse entre diferentes géneros, edades, idiomas, nivel de ingresos u otros factores, pero también puede darse dentro de un país o entre los países más avanzados y los más atrasados. Esta última es la que avanza a un ritmo más acelerado. Texto completo: http://www.iese.edu/es/files/5_8006.pdf

9. Barrenetxea Ayesta, M. and Cardona Rodríguez, A., "La brecha digital como fuente de nuevas desigualdades en el mercado de trabajo". Jornadas de Economía Crítica, Vol. 8, 2004 .

Descriptores: Mercado de trabajo/Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Sociedad de la información/España

Resumen: En este trabajo reflexionamos sobre la incidencia de las llamadas "Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación" (TIC) en la generación de nuevas desigualdades en el mercado laboral, y sobre el papel que el estado debe tener para garantizar un acceso equitativo a las TIC que permita atenuar esas desigualdades. La aparición y desarrollo de las TIC ha hecho que surjan dos polos que tienen una clara incidencia en el mercado laboral: por una parte aquellas personas con fácil acceso a esas tecnologías, y por otra, quienes tienen un acceso difícil, costoso y a veces imposible. La diferencia de acceso tiene un origen tanto en las infraestructuras como en la formación de las personas. Es ya un lugar común hablar de la "brecha digital" para referirse a esas diferencias. Esa brecha se da en una doble vertiente: entre países, y entre personas en un mismo país. Los países que no sean capaces de alcanzar un buen nivel de aprovechamiento de las TIC perderán competitividad. Dentro de cada país, la diferencia entre quienes tienen acceso fácil y quienes no, genera una nueva segmentación en el mercado laboral en la que los primeros tienen privilegios de entrada y elección del puesto de trabajo. Texto completo: http://www.ucm.es/info/ec/jec8/Datos/documentos/comunicaciones/Laboral/Barrenetxea%20Miren.PDF

10. Budé De León, H., "Internet y la brecha digital". Unión Internacional de las Telecomunicaciones, 2002.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet

Resumen: Desde hace algunos años el sustantivo “brecha digital” se escucha más y más. En la Unión Internacional de las Telecomunicaciones, en foros de las Naciones Unidas, en reuniones de organismos regionales de las telecomunicaciones, en todos los países, se observa que el tema ha sido puesto sobre la mesa de trabajo, dejando traslucir la preocupación que existe por reducir la brecha digital. Incluso, no son pocas las iniciativas y proyecto llevados a cabo que se pueden exhibir como demostración palpable que han tenido como objeto el enfrentar el problema. ¿Y por qué es un problema? Pues el impacto de la digitalización en la sociedad es evidente y si no se ataca desde ahora la separación que provoca la existencia de “los que tienen y pueden” y “los que no tienen ni pueden”, no será posible que la sociedad toda se beneficie plenamente de la llamada sociedad de la información. Texto completo: http://dc.inictel.gob.pe/regulacion/material2/Hector%20bude.pdf

11. Bundy, A., "Growing the community of the informed: information literacy - a global issue". AARL. Australian Academic & Research Libraries , Vol. 33, No. 3, 2002.

Descriptores: Formación de usuarios/Bibliotecarios/Intermediación/Brecha digital

Resumen: The more people have improved access to information, the more education in the recognition of the need for information and the development of the skills to use it needs to be at the core of the educational process. Librarianship is the only profession which is really alert to an information literate citizenry as the prerequisite for personal and democratic empowerment, lifelong learning and societal and economic development. Library professionals, and their associations, therefore need to use evidence based advocacy to governments and educators that the information literacy divide, not the digital divide is the critical issue of the information age. Texto completo en: http://alia.org.au/publishing/aarl/33.3/full.text/bundy.html

12. Campal García, M. F., "Biblioteca Pública de Salamanca: Telecentros y bibliotecas públicas: nuevas alianzas para la sociedad de la información". Foro Biblioteca y Sociedad, 2004.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Bibliotecas públicas/Salamanca/Información a la comunidad/Brecha digital

Resumen: Se ofrece una descripción, valoración y algunos ejemplos de los telecentros y se muestra la necesidad de vincularlos a las bibliotecas públicas y de que estas amplíen sus roles tradicionales para desarrollar determinadas funciones de forma conjunta. El propósito de este artículo es poner de manifiesto la posibilidad de cooperar en la prestación de algunos servicios comunes a ambas instituciones: ofrecer un único punto de información a la comunidad relevante que cubra sus necesidades tanto de carácter local como general; y conectar el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías a las carencias de formación en el manejo de las mismas, esto es, la alfabetización digital. Además, basándonos en la premisa de que no todo el mundo dispone de un ordenador en casa, tanto las bibliotecas públicas como los telecentros, constituyen una inversión social como espacios para ayudar a lograr el objetivo de facilitar el acceso igualitario y universal a Internet y a la Sociedad de la Información. La base de esta cooperación es que ambas instituciones son actores conscientes de la necesidad de diseñar acciones innovadoras y creativas que faciliten la igualdad de oportunidades, la participación de los ciudadanos en la vida pública y el acceso a la cultura y la educación, para contribuir al cierre de la brecha digital y aumentar su calidad de vida. Texto completo: http://www.anabad.org/admin/archivo/docdow.php?id=127

13. Campal García, M. F., "Telecentros y bibliotecas públicas: nuevas alianzas para la sociedad de la información. ". Foro Biblioteca y Sociedad, 2004.

Descriptores: Internet/Bibliotecas públicas/Sociedad de la información/Brecha digital

14. Cawkell, T., "Sociotechnology: the digital divide". Journal of information science, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2001, pp. 51-53.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas digitales/Documentos electrónicos/Tecnologías de la información/Aspecto social/Brecha digital

Resumen: The phrase 'the digital divide' seems to have been coined to replace the information rich-poor phrase with something that sounds more dramatic: It is inspired by capacity enabled by digital computers and communications

15. Cañibano, A. and Bargero, P., "Los no usuarios: ¿cómo llegar a ellos en nuestras comunidades?". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Usuarios/Bibliotecas públicas/Extensión bibliotecaria/Brecha digital

Resumen: Esta ponencia trata de mostrar el desarrollo del trabajo en red de una Biblioteca Pública y Popular en un área rural como es la pequeña ciudad de General Villegas, en la provincia de Buenos Aires, en la Argentina. Si bien fue fundada en 1935, recién en los ochenta comenzó a implementar una política de acercamiento a nuevos usuarios como el público infantil. En los comienzos del siglo XXI continúa trabajando con diferentes públicos, un nuevo edificio se está construyendo a raíz de las crecientes actividades que se llevan adelante y además se concibe a la Biblioteca como un sitio de aprendizaje permanente equipado con la última tecnología. Esta nueva etapa está liderada por la filosofía de la calidad total. Y por el desafío de contribuir al logro de la equidad teniendo en cuenta los públicos a los que presta sus servicios y el aporte que debe brindar para disminuir la brecha entre aquellos que tienen acceso a los modernos sistemas de información y los que están arginados de estos beneficios. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/163s-Canibano_Bargero.pdf

16. Chowdhury, G. G., "Digital Divide: How can digital libraries bridge the gap? ". BIBText : Research Publications, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Aspecto social/Bibliotecas públicas

Resumen: Recent developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have, while making our life easier, created a social divide that is known as the digital divide. Statistics show that there are significant disparities among the population in the developed and developing world in terms of the accessibility to, and use of, ICT. Research and development in digital libraries do not only require sophisticated ICT, they also call for huge investment in terms of money and intellectual resources. Developing countries are lagging behind in digital library research and development due to the digital divide, as well as due to the lack of appropriate resources required for research and development in digital libraries. As a result users in the developing world are being deprived of digital library services. This paper argues that some recent global digital library developments can be used by users in the developing countries, and thus digital libraries can play a significant role in bridging the gap. These developments include subject gateways, digital reference services, free access to e-journals and e-books in many areas, and e-print archives and free digital libraries. The paper ends with an action plan that may be used by library and information professionals in the developing countries, as well as developed countries, to exploit the benefits of these digital information resources and services, and thus to some extent can bridge the gap of digital divide. texto compelto: http://www.cis.strath.ac.uk/research/publications/papers/strath_cis_publication_334.pdf

17. Colle, R. D. and Roman, R., "Challenges in the telecenter movement". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Países en desarrollo

Resumen: Just across the border, the Government of Mexico is poised to establish a network of Centros comunitarios Digitales (CCDs) as part of its Sistema Nacional e-México; across the world in the State of Tamil Nadu the Sustainable Access in Rural India (SARI) project will soon establish kiosks in 50 villages as the first phase of an initiative that will see thousands of kiosks flooding villages all over the state; and somewhere in between is Hungary planning to double the number of its telecottages from 250 to 500 in a year. China’s Ministry of Science and Technology with the assistance of the UN Development Program (UNDP) is putting US$2.5 million into a telecenter development. In a relevant move, it was announced in October (2001) that the Japanese Government and the UNDP established an ICT Trust Fund to which the Japanese were contributing an initial US$5 million. Our own somewhat modest efforts, which we characterize as research and development, are quite modest with a handful of telecenters in India, China and Mexico in various stages of development, from actually organizing to proposals on paper. Texto compelto: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/colle.pdf

18. Courtright, C. and Robbin, A., "Deconstructing the Digital Divide in the United States: An Interpretive Policy Analytic Perspective ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Estados Unidos

Resumen: Official discourse during the 1990s about information and communication technology posited the existence of a "digital divide" between technology "haves" and "have nots.” Statistical data issued by the National Technical and Information Administration (1998, 1999, 2000) were deployed as evidence to justify this assertion and were regularly invoked to demonstrate the need for a concerted programmatic response and to stimulate a community of common interests (Stone, 1997). The statistics classified the population according to standard demographic, social, and economic categories and defined a group's social location according to its conditions of access to technology. The official policy solution to the digital divide was a multifaceted approach that promoted ways to enhance citizen access through funding and incentives for telecommunications infrastructure development, special Internet rates for schools and libraries, and local technology initiatives. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/Courtright.pdf

19. Cuadra Villavicencio, A. M., "Internet y la brecha digital". Unión Internacional de las Telecomunicaciones, 2002.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet

Resumen: La brecha digital se define como la separación que existe entre las personas, comunidades, estados, países, etc, que utilizan las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información (NTI) como una parte rutinaria de su vida diaria y aquellas que no tienen acceso a las mismas y que aunque las tengan no saben como utilizarlas. La brecha digital puede ser definida en términos de la desigualdad de posibilidades que existen para accesar a la información, al conocimiento y la educación mediante las NTI. La brecha digital no se relaciona solamente con aspectos exclusivamente de carácter tecnológico, es un reflejo de una combinación de factores socioeconómicos y en particular de limitaciones y falta de infraestructura de telecomunicaciones e informática. Texto completo: http://dc.inictel.gob.pe/regulacion/material2/Alma%20Cuadra%20Villavicencio.pdf

20. Cullen, R., "Addressing the Digital Divide". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 67, 2001.

Descriptores: Información electrónica/Brecha digital

Resumen: The phrase ‘digital divide’ has been applied to the gap that exists in most countries between those with ready access to the tools of information and communication technologies, and the knowledge that they provide access to, and those without such access or skills. This may be because of socio-economic factors, geographical factors, educational, attitudinal and generational factors, or it may be through physical disabilities. A further gap between the developed and underdeveloped world in the uptake of technology is evident within the global community, and may be of even greater significance. The paper examines a number of these issues at the national level in the US, UK, Canada and New Zealand, looking for evidence of the ‘digital divide’, assessing factors that contribute to it, and evaluating strategies that can help reduce it. The relevance of these strategies to developing countries, strategies for reducing the international digital divide and the role of libraries in reducing the digital divide at national and global level are also explored. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla67/papers/017-163e.pdf

21. Cullen, R., "The digital divide: a global and national call to action ". Electronic library, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2003, pp. 247-257.

Descriptores: Globalización/Tecnologías de la información/Sociedad de la información/Bibliotecas digitales/Documentos electrónicos/Países en desarrollo/Internet/Brecha digital

Resumen: The phrase 'digital divide' has been applied to the gap that exists in most countries between those with ready access to the tools of information and communication technologies (ICTs), and those without such access or skills. This may be because of socio-economic or geographical factors, educational, attitudinal and generational factors, or because of physical disabilities. The paper reviews recent research concerning the digital divide in New Zealand, and the factors that alienate people from enjoying the benefits of information technology and participation in the knowledge economy. While socio-economic factors affect use of ICTs by urban Maori and Pacific Island communities, and rural communities are affected by inadequate telecommunications infrastructure, rural Maori are even more disadvantaged. The paper examines strategies used in the USA and the UK at national and regional levels to address similar issues, including the use of libraries to reduce the digital divide, and compares these with New Zealand initiatives, to identify positive means of increasing participation in the knowledge economy. Texto completo sólo USAL: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=JV222KR4RA4GH88QDBQG

22. Cusí, F., "La alfabetización digital como factor de inclusión social". La Sociedad de la Información en el siglo XXI: un requisito para el desarrollo, 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Aspecto social/Exclusión social/Formación de usuarios

Resumen: Aprender informática, ¿puede ayudar en la integración de los sectores sociales más desfavorecidos?. Aquellas personas que ya sufren otros factores de exclusión como tener un bajo nivel de formación, muy pocos ingresos, residir en barrios conflictivos, ser inmigrantes o mujeres de etnias minoritarias, ¿pueden superar la brecha digital? ¿Superar la brecha digital contribuirá a su inclusión social? Texto compelto: http://www.desarrollosi.org/PDF/Cont3aPon3.PDF

23. Dorr, J. and Akeroyd, R., "New Mexico Tribal Libraries: Bridging the Digital Divide ". Computers in libraries, Vol. 21, No. 9, 2001, pp. 36-43.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas públicas/Minorías/México/ Latinoamérica/Brecha digital

Resumen: If the phrase 'heartwarming technology' seems like an oxymoron to you, then you'll want to read this article. You'll learn how a computer-donation program from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has been expanding the horizons of Native Americans who live in the remote deserts of the Southwest. Texto completo: http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/oct01/dorr&akeroyd.htm

24. Edwards, C., "Global knowledge: a challenge for librarians". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 66, 2000.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas/Sociedad de la información/Globalización/Tecnologías de la información/Futuro/Brecha digital

Resumen: This paper describes how the information and communication technologies are creating the knowledge society, which will impact upon developing and transitional economies as well as developed nations. It argues that librarians have an important role to play in overcoming the digital divide, and makes reference to the Global Knowledge Partnership. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/153-154e.htm

25. Edwards, C., "Knowledge: a Challenge for Librarians". IFLA journal , Vol. 27, No. 2, 2001, pp. 65-69.

Descriptores: Bibliotecarios /Sociedad de la información/Gestión del conocimiento/Brecha digital

Resumen: The benefits of the knowledge society can be realized for the disadvantaged. Information and communication technologies have the potential to support sustainable development. Huge infrastructure investments and access initia-tives mean that the majority of the world's population will have telecommunications access in the next 10-15 years. But developing skills and content will be the biggest challenge, and there is real risk of perpetuating the 'digital divide'. The G8 Okinawa Charter on the Global Information Society (2000) and the Global Knowledge Partnership promote initiatives to bridge the digital divide. The library and information profession can make a critical contribution, by providing access, structuring knowledge, imparting information skills, preserving heritage and inspiring trust. But a public relations campaign is needed to raise awareness of what the profession can offer, and to win it a voice in the digital divide debate. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/V/iflaj/art2702.pdf

26. Ehikhamenor, F. A., "Internet facilities: use and non-use by Nigerian university scientists ". Journal of information science, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2003, pp. 35-48.

Descriptores: Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital/Africa/Internet

Resumen: The Internet culture is creating a new scientific communication system with new facilities that are competing with, and might replace, the present printed information sources. The use and non-use of these facilities by Nigerian academic scientists were investigated, using data collected from a survey of academic staff of selected disciplines in 10 universities. It was found that the scientists are still heavily dependent on printed information sources, especially journals, indexes and abstracts. The study reveals that 64.4% of them have a computer at their disposal, while 50.4% have access to, and are using, the Internet. Besides e-mail, very little use is made of other Internet facilities. Non-use of the Internet is attributable to problems of accessibility, ease of use and cost. Most of the non-users are aware of the information and communication potential of the Internet in their disciplines, and believe that the Internet will become indispensable in their research in the future. Texto completo sólo USAL: http://ariel.ingentaselect.com/vl=1165027/cl=91/nw=1/rpsv/ij/sage/01655515/v29n1/s4/p35

27. Fondo Solidaridad Digital, "De la brecha digital a la exigencia de un amplio movimiento de solidaridad ". Revista Futuros, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Aspecto social/Exclusión social

Resumen: La solidaridad digital es una iniciativa africana impulsada por su excelencia Abdoulaye Wade, presidente de la República de Senegal, en calidad de responsable de la sección de nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (NTIC) de la Nueva Alianza para el Desarrollo de África (NEPAD, por sus siglas en inglés). Texto compelto: http://www.revistafuturos.info/raw_text/raw_futuro8/brecha_digital.doc

28. Foulger, D., "The Cliff and the Continuum: Defining the Digital Divide". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital

Resumen: Not exactly a first choice for a question to face after speaking at the "Defining the Digital Divide" session of the IAMCR-ICA Digital Divide Symposium (Austin, TX, 2001). The need for the question suggests a collective failure, on the part of session presenters (Stanley, 2001; Newhagen and Bucy, 2001; Foulger, 2001), to successfully engage the topic. This was understandably a source of confusion for the speakers at the session, as each of the three papers had provided fairly strong statements about the nature of the digital divide. There were differences, of course, but none that would suggest that the digital divide is about anything other than the profound differences in access to digital resources (e.g. the Internet) that separates "digital have" countries and people from "digital have not" countries and people. People on the "digital have" side of this divide, in general, have computer or terminal based access to a wide variety of new communication media and information that is unavailable to people on the "digital have not" side. Where then, might the confusion come from? The Digital Divide Symposium Divide. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/Foulger2.doc

29. Foulger, D., "Media Aristocracies, Network Resources, and the Global Digital Divide ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Globalización

Resumen: On May 17, 2001, U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan called for "a bridge that spans the digital divide". This digital divide separates a few hundred million users of the Internet, most of them located in a small number of "digital-have" countries, from over 5 billion people who are unable to access the wide variety of Internet digital media. There is nothing new about media divides. Innis documents at least four millennia of media divides and priesthoods in his "Empire and Communication". What is new is our willingness to make an issue of the existence of a media divide, digital or otherwise. This paper asserts that there are seven distinct sets of obstacles that must be overcome if we are to bridge the global digital divide. All seven bridges are discussed in detail. Only one, "Choice", is excluded from detailed analysis. The other six bridges, "Social and Legal Constraints", "Economic Priorities", "Basic Infrastructure", "Literacy and Language", "Network Infrastructure", and "Computer Resources", are modeled and and explored using multiple regression. The model, which asserts specific relationships of the six bridges to Internet Use, proves reasonably successful. Indeed, it suggests a general plan of action for bridging the digital divide in digital have-not countries. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/Foulger.doc

30. Gorosito López, A., "La biblioteca comunitaria: una experiencia de organización social, educativa y cultural.". Biblios, Vol. 4, No. 15, 2003.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas públicas/Chile/Latinoamérica/Brecha digital

Resumen: En estos tiempos integradores y profundamente des-integradores a la vez, es necesario dinamizar los espacios culturales de encuentro y convivencia democrática. La brecha social entre los que tienen información, educación y cultura -, y los que nunca la van alcanzar se hace visible en el territorio local popular. En este espacio concreto se presenta la biblioteca comunitaria como una alternativa de cambio social, poniendo en practica las apolíticas de acción cultural tendientes a la integración y equidad social. en el caso que señalamos, la experiencia bibliotecaria se presenta como un proyecto social alternativo(sin presencia del estado), y de autogestión local en un sector socioeconómico deprimido de la VI Región de Chile. representando un centro comunitario para el desarrollo educativo, informativo y cultural. En esta concepción se ha construido una experiencia de social, educativa y cultural con el aporte de cada poblador y de distintos actores sociales de la comunidad. Texto completo: http://www.documentalistas.com/web/biblios/articulos/15/2003_008.pdf

31. Gunter, B., "Digital information provision via interactive television: understanding the digital consumer ". Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 55, No. 1-2, 2003, pp. 43-51.

Descriptores: Documentos electrónicos/Televisión/Consumo/Usabilidad/Brecha digital

Resumen: To achieve its objective of having virtually all its services (central and local) online by 2005, the Government must close the 'digital divide', i.e. provide access for those sections of society not yet linked to the electronic, computer-mediated communications environment. There is a need to consider user psychology as well as demography, as shown by research that has evaluated the use and effectiveness of health information and advice services provided via the television. The assumption is that simply providing access to online public services via the country's most widespread and popular mass medium will guarantee their success, but this assumption is naïve in terms of its understanding of viewer psychology. To ensure success, it is essential to know more about the usability and application effectiveness of interactive services provided through television. This paper explores key concepts of platform availability, use and access, service and information access, service use and application effectiveness. Texto completo sólo USAL: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=U92L7DAQUCPWPMVKKQDF

32. Han Woo Park , "Digital Divide in Korea: Closing and Widening Divide in 1990s ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Países en desarrollo/Asia

Resumen: This paper examines the closing and widening digital divides in Korea during the 1990s from the social access perspective of the digital divide. The results indicate that psychological and material access to new digital technologies has been growing substantially over the past few years. But insufficient digital skills and scanty usage opportunities among Korean people lead to new forms of digital divide. In particular, the gap in digital skills and usages occurs centered around background variables such as gender, age, income, occupational status and educational level. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/Park.doc

33. Heuertz, L., Gordon, A., Moore, E., and Gordon, M., "Public Libraries and the Digital Divide: How Libraries Help A Report to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation". Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Bibliotecas públicas

Resumen: Throughout their history, public libraries in the United States have worked to eliminate disparities in access to information indeed, that is their reason d’etre. With the advent of the “information age” and its accompanying “digital divide,” new challenges face libraries as they try to provide service for information “have nots” (generally identified as the poor, the less educated, ethnic minorities, those in rural communities, and the elderly).1 In response to these challenges, public libraries have, since the early 1990s, established Internet connections, acquired computers and other technologies, written access policies, developed procedures, and trained their staffs to use the new technologies. Public libraries have been supported in these efforts by both public and private funding, with the largest private support coming from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation U.S. Library Program. 2 Major federal support comes from such programs as E-rate discounts3 and LSTA grants. Texto compelto: http://www.ctcnet.org/ctc/Evansschool/pldd_%20020729.pdf

34. Hilbert, M. R., "From industrial economics to digital economics: an introduction to the transition". CEPAL, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Aspecto económico/Aspecto social

Resumen: This paper focuses on creating a basic awareness of the new economic coherence, which has been provoked by the introduction of modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). It is based on methods of traditional Industrial Economics (bricks-and-mortar economy). The paper shall endeavor to show the differences that exist between Industrial- and Digital Economics, but shall also show that we do not need to burn the old textbooks. Nevertheless there is an urgent need to rewrite them, in a sense of refocusing. Starting from the new basic conditions of the Digital Economy, which get especially emphasized in section (I.2.). Texto completo: http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/DesarrolloProductivo/7/LCL1497P/LCL1497.pdf

35. James, J., "Free software and the digital divide: opportunities and constraints for developing countries ". Journal of information science, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2003, pp. 25-34.

Descriptores: Libre acceso/Software libre/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: Our focus in this paper is mainly on the GNU/LINUX operting system and the advantages that it affords developing countries seeking to bridge the global digital divide. In the early parts of the paper we argue that, although GNU/LINUX can generate substantial savings when used instead of the proprietary alternative in numerous institutional settings, the most telling opportunities for developing countries arise when this system is combined with other ways of reducing computing costs. Policy, therfore, should not only consist of substituting GNU/LINUX for proprietary software in running the latest and most expensive hardware, but also of lowering these latter costs themselves. Later sections focus on the link between the choice of software and path-dependency (i.e. the notion that if one system gets ahead, it tends to lock out alternatives in the manner described by Brian Arthur). We suggest that the problem of proprietary lock-in in developing countries has been greatly accentuated by piracy of Microsoft operating systems and that the result is a stagnation of the technological capabilities in software that these countries need so badly. Texto completo sólo USAL: http://ariel.ingentaselect.com/vl=1165027/cl=91/nw=1/rpsv/ij/sage/01655515/v29n1/s3/p25

36. Jenner, E. J., "Political Engagement and the Digital Divide ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Exclusión social/Aspecto social

Resumen: Notwithstanding the recent gains in access to the Internet, the preponderance of research suggests that there is still a significant divide between those with and without access. Previous studies have consistently shown that disparate Internet access is not random, but a function of certain social indicators: gender, race, income, education and age, among others. This paper seeks to broaden our understanding by sketching a model of the differences in digital haves and have-nots in terms of their engagement in public affairs. Drawing from the knowledge gap hypothesis, diffusion theory and research on engagement in public affairs, Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/jenner.pdf

37. Jäckel, M., "Inclusion, Exclusion and the Diversity of Interests: Is ‘Digital Divide’ an Adequate Perspective? ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Exclusión social

Resumen: Although a large part of modern sociological analysis tends to favour post-classsociety-concepts and sometimes stresses a colourful plenty of lifestyles it seems that talking about the acceptance of new technologies is like going back to simple and dichotomized concepts. It was the german sociologist Theodor Geiger (1891-1952) who disputed the possibility of drawing clear lines between groups that differ in their economic ressources, education, mentalities and personal interests (Geiger 1932). This is only one way of describing the social reality with a more or less detailed model. Nevertheless these issues are often framed in this way. Digital divide seems to depict a clear cut-through triggered by the differing stimulation of modern communication and information technologies, in other words an extreme kind of inclusion of users and exclusion for all those who withdraw from the challenging opportunities, or more pithy: Yes or No. Texto compelto: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/jackel_paper.pdf

38. Jääskeläinen, P., "Competency in network use as a resource for citizenship: implications for the digital divide". Information Research, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2002.

Descriptores: Países en desarrollo/Información a la comunidad/Internet/Acceso a la información/Brecha digital

Resumen: Conceptual and empirical issues of citizens' network competency are explored, defined as people's capabilities to use the Internet in order to communicate and seek information and to utilize electronic public services. First, the concept of network competency is discussed. Second, based on an empirical case study conducted in Finland, perceived network competency is explored as a resource for autonomous and participatory citizenship. Perceived network competency refers to the self-rated assessment made by the informants. A high degree of perceived network competency correlated positively with success in work life. Network competent people participated more frequently in the activities of civic organizations and contacted decision-makers. Compared to less competent people, they appeared to be informed consumers. Those with high perceived competency believed that people's opportunities to influence social issues will increase in the future. The findings are explored with regard to the digital divide vs. digital inclusion, discussing the prospects for future research. Texto completo: http://informationr.net/ir/8-3/paper153.html

39. Kagan, A., "The growing gap between the information rich and the information poor both within countries and between countries: a composite policy paper ". IFLA journal, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2000, pp. 28.33.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas públicas/Aspecto social/IFLA/Programas/Cooperación bibliotecaria/Cooperación internacional/Brecha digital

Resumen: El Grupo Discusión de la IFLA sobre Responsabilidad Social se creó oficialmente en diciembre de 1997 para tratar del papel de las bibliotecas en la sociedad. Este plan de acción se desarrolló a partir de seis documentos de trabajo preparados para el congreso de la IFLA de 1998 en Amsterdam. Los temas de dichos documentos eran: desarrollo de la bilbioteca rural; alfabetización en las bubotecas; pago de de servicios en las bibliotecas; desarrollo de recursos humanos; la brecha en la informacinón electrónica; cooperación bibliotecaria entre Norte y Sur. Los temas se abordan por turno y se incluyen propuestas de acción. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/V/iflaj/jour2601.pdf

40. Kaigo, M., "Cognitive and Affective Factors of New Information and Communication Technology Usage and the Digital Divide in Japan ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Japón

Resumen: Research on the digital divide has been more focused on addressing the socio-economic factors that encompass differences in attaining information among races or classes in society (Hoffman, Novak, & Schlosser, 2000; Van Dijk & Hacker, 2000). However this paper emphasizes more of the affective and cognitive factors involved when adopting or using information and communication technologies. In the case of Japan, racial diversity is not so much an issue and economic capability to attain new information and communication technologies (ICT) is not extremely diverse, although the cost of Internet connection and telecommunications in Japan is comparatively higher than some other industrialized nations and has resulted as one impeding factor of Internet usage (Mikami, 2001). We acknowledge that these are important factors of the digital divide, however they are not the only main factors of the digital divide in Japan. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/kaigosasaki.pdf

41. Kibirige, H. M., "Internet Access in Public Libraries: Results of an End User Targeted Pilot Study, 1997-2000". Information technology and libraries, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2000, pp. 113-114.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas públicas/Internet/Estudio de usuarios/Brecha digital

Resumen: For ages, the public library has championed the general public's right to information. According to Johnson and Harris the purpose of the public library in the western world has been to act as a 'guardian of the people's right to know.'1 This philosophy pervaded the second half of the twentieth century and is implicitly currently upheld by the ALA Library Bill of Rights. The 1999 United States Department of Commerce Report on the use of technology in the United States, titled Falling Through the Net III: Defining the Digital Divide (http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS3064), made significant revelations on Internet access.2 According to the report, 42 percent of American households own computers but only 25 percent of all U.S. households are connected to the Internet. Such statistics make the public library an important access point to the information superhighway, since a sizeable number of the U.S. population does not have access from their homes.

42. Kibirige, H. M., "Internet Access in Public Libraries: Results of an End User Targeted Pilot Study, 1997-2000 ". Information technology and libraries, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2001, pp. 113-114.

Descriptores: Acceso a la información/Internet/Bibliotecas públicas/Brecha digital

43. Kumar, S., Choudhury, S., and Shah, L., "Information literacy mission in digital environment a prospects and plans for developing society in India". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Países en desarrollo/Asia/Brecha digital/Formación de usuarios/Brecha digital

Resumen: The paper correlates literacy and information literacy. Searches reasons of illiteracy in India. Discusses present situation of literacy rate, educational institutions, Public Library Acts and digital divide. Gives the meaning of literacy and information literacy in Indian context. Gives role of Community and Library Information Centres. Information networks available for dissemination are presented in brief. Relation between e-governance and information literacy have been discussed. Some information literacy programs initiated are given. Suggests for an Information Literacy Plan for various community to take India to Millennium 2020. Recommends for a national apex body, development of CLIN and amendments in public library acts to meet challenges of digital information society. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/145e-Kumar.pdf

44. Laborda Gil, X., "Brecha digital y nuevas necesidades de alfabetización". Tecnologías, redes y comunicación interpersonal, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Sociedad de la información

Resumen: Se ha abierto una brecha en las relaciones interpersonales con las nuevas modalidades de comunicación digital en la red. Se trata de una brecha que tiene efectos positivos y también negativos en esas nuevas modalidades, que son las páginas web, los juegos en red, los foros de discusión y el correo electrónico. De todas ellas, el correo merece aquí nuestra atención por dos razones. Una razón es la cantidad, porque el correo concentra el mayor volumen de interacciones en la red. La segunda es de calidad, pues aporta nuevas pautas expresivas, que valen para el correo y también para otras modalidades, como los foros de discusión y los canales de conversación. Texto completo: http://www.sant-cugat.net/laborda/brechadigital.pdf

45. Lavrik, O. L., "Global and Regional Phenomena and their Projection on the Models of Developing Information Literacy". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Globalización/Brecha digital/Modelos/Países en desarrollo

Resumen: Considering the question of information literacy the author firstly demonstrate a new universal scheme of social communication and points out, that any library to reserve its role must work in a mixed technological environment, and its development should be directed at forming communication chains with reader, publisher and other libraries via Internet. And a reader should possess a set of definite habits and skills to get necessary information. But this general global tendency, as the experience shows, conflicts with some factors, which are supposed to display themselves differently in different parts of one country, let alone different countries. And only the knowledge of this very regional specific character may assist in making an optimal model of the algorithm to solve the problem of information literacy. In the report the authors shows, how some of these factors manifest themselves in developing Internet in Russia and Siberia, electronic document delivery technology and organization, in the work of Continuous education centers and their programs in different parts of Russia. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/149e-Lavrik.pdf

46. Loosen, W., "The Second Level Digital Divide: Technical and Economic Implications Dividing the Web ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide , 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Aspecto económico/Aspecto social

Resumen: Social conditions and consequences of information technologies cannot be described in terms of economic imperatives or with technological determinism only. Society and information technology are co-evolving and changing one another. This is one of the main perspectives developed out of recent approaches of technology assessment, technological change and technology sociology (c.f. Ropohl 2001; Baron 1995; Rammert 1990; Weingart 1989). Technology in this sense is a socially constructed process within its whole life cycle starting with its invention, development, production and finally culminating in its utilization (c.f. Weischenberg/Altmeppen/Löffelholz 1994: 50 ff.). Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/loosen.pdf

47. Lor, P. J., "National Libraries And The Digital Divide". CDNL meeting , 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Africa/Países en desarrollo/Bibliotecas nacionales

Resumen: Not too long ago, there was much discussion in the literature about the “information gap”, or the gap between the “information rich” and the “information poor” (Holderness, 1996; Quinion 2003). Although the term is still in current use, attention has shifted to the “digital divide”. The digital divide is a “hot” topic. A great deal is being said and written about it. Conferences and seminars are held on it and regardless of whether people on the other side of the divide can access them web sites have been set up to deal with the digital divide (e.g. Bridges, 2002; Digital divide network, 2002; Digital opportunity channel, 2003; DigitalDivide.org, 2003) Librarians are also taking it seriously. At the 2002 conference of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) in Glasgow, the President-Elect of that body, Kay Raseroka, organised a brainstorming session on “bridging the digital divide” to identify widely supported strategic priorities for IFLA (Parker, 2003). As suggested by the title of this workshop, the concern is mostly with “bridging” the digital divide or “narrowing” it (Paul, 2002), although the conference booklet for a recent conference in South Africa bore the title “Damn the digital divide” (2001). This paper does not att mpt a scholarly exposition of the digital divide in general. It is concerned with the role of national libraries in respect of this phenomenon. In approaching this topic it is necessary to consider briefly what a national library is and which roles it can play nationally. We also need to analyse the concept of the “digital divide” into a number of dimensions before we can attempt to identify possible roles for the national library in dealing with it. http://www.nla.gov.au/initiatives/meetings/cdnl/2003/09digdiv.pdf

48. Love, J. B., "The Enhanced and Changing Role of the Specialist Librarian: Survey of Education Librarians ". Reference librarian, No. 78, 2002, pp. 149-166.

Descriptores: Bibliotecarios/Imagen profesional/Bibliotecas de investigación/Bibliotecas especializadas/Brecha digital

Resumen: Much like the role of other academic librarians. the education librarian' s reponsibilities are in a constant state of transition. Major factors contributing to these changes are demands being placed on teacher training programs in colleges of ed- ucation. demands placed on teachers and administrators in the nation' s schools, demographic shifts, globalization. declining accessibility of resources along with the digital divide, ando most of all, greater demandsfor accountability of student achievement at alllevels of education.

49. Mamtora, J., "Bridging the digital divide in the islands of Oceania". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 67, 2001.

Descriptores: Documentos electrónicos/Bibliotecas digitales/Brecha digital

Resumen: With the advent of the Information Age, it has become feasible to consider providing electronic access to library tools (bibliographies, indexes and directories) published in the South Pacific. That something is feasible however, does not necessarily make it desirable. To explore this further, a research project was initiated as part of a Masters thesis at Charles Sturt University to survey four countries in the South Pacific: Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. The survey looked at several areas: potential formats for the delivery of current, print-based library publications; user preferences for the type of format for publications, i.e. print or electronic; the practicalities involved in information personnel in the region being able to access library publications electronically (and whether or not this contributes to bridging the digital divide); the status of telecommunications in the region, including access to the Internet; the extent of computer equipment and its use; and the skills level of library staff and users in accessing and using computers and the Internet. Knowledge gained from this survey will help determine the most suitable format for, and the best approach to publishing library publications in the South Pacific. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla67/papers/169-163e.pdf

50. Maza, M. L. d. l. and Abbagliati, E., "BiblioRedes: Abre tu Mundo, su modelo de alfabetización digital". Coloquio Internacional de Ciencias de la Documentación, Vol. 5, 2004.

Descriptores: Tecnologías de la información/Redes de información/Formación de usuarios/Internet/Chile/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: 70.000 personas alfabetizadas digitalmente. Ese fue el desafío de BiblioRedes: Abre tu Mundo durante el año 2003. BiblioRedes, proyecto desarrollado por la Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos de Chile (DIBAM) y auspiciado por la Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, buscaba convertir a las bibliotecas públicas del país en referentes y actores principales del combate a la brecha digital. Un desafío que se basaba en más de una década de transformaciones en las bibliotecas y que permitían garantizar su rol estratégico en facilitar el acceso

comunitario a las tecnologías de información y la capacitación en el uso de las mismas a los grupos sociales que sufren distintos tipos de marginalidad (social, cultural, económica o geográfica)

51. Mehra, B., Bishop, A. P., Bazzell, I., and Smith, C., "Scenarios in the Afya Project as a Participatory Action Research (PAR) Tool for Studying Information Seeking and Use Across the 'Digital Divide'". Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 53, No. 14, 2002, pp. 1259-1267.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas digitales/Necesidades de información/Aspecto social /Brecha digital

Resumen: Although all of the studies included here might be described as user-centered, the Afya project, described by Mehra, Bishop, Bazzell, and Smith ([2002]), is the only study that explicitly includes the target audience in the design of the research (thus making it participatory research). In addition, it is action research, in which findings are quickly incorporated into day-to-day project operations. The project's goal is to gain a better understanding of the provision of community health and information services for Black women, and to intervene effectively in this process. This article is focused on the use of scenarios as one method for accomplishing this goal. The use of scenarios is common in the field of human-computer interaction and interface design (Carroll, [2000]). Scenarios are stories; they can be either factual or fictional, but they are always realistic. Within the context of this study, scenarios were generated by analyzing the discussions that occurred in three focus groups. Each scenario is a narrative that includes key social realities of the project participants, specific instances of local Black women's health experiences, and questions that mirror their information needs.

52. Menou, M. J. , "La alfabetización informacional dentro de las políticas nacionales sobre tecnologías de la información y comunicación (TICs): la cultura de la información, una dimensión ausente". Anales de Documentación, Vol. 7, 2004, pp. 241-261.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Sociedad de la información/Tecnologías de la información/Formación de usuarios

Resumen: La mayoría de las políticas nacionales e internacionales de desarrollo están dando ya mucho juego para la aplicación de las TICs y la transición hacia la sociedad de la información. Dentro de cada país, igual que entre los diferentes países, se ven las desigualdades en el acceso y uso (lo que generalmente se conoce como “brecha digital”) como una amenaza importante. Además de asegurar el “acceso universal”, la alfabetización informacional constituye un componente importante de estos esfuerzos. Una serie de ejemplos, sacados principalmente de América Latina, ilustran las tendencias a la hora de plantearse los problemas de la alfabetización in-formacional. El acento en el uso de computadoras y, más genéricamente, las pers-pectivas más bien estrechas de estos programas les hacen parecerse mucho más a un ejercicio de dotación de nuevas herramientas para la fuerza de trabajo que a una po-tenciación de los ciudadanos. Se afirma que el potencial de la Edad de la Informa-ción no puede llegar a realizarse sin ampliar el alcance de la alfabetización informa-cional y en el uso de computadoras mucho más allá de sus aspectos funcionales usuales. Lo que está en juego es la formación de una cultura de la información, algo que por sí mismo implica la adaptación de otras culturas preexistentes. En otras pa-labras, una revolución cultural asumida por los actores antes que una involución cul-tural forzada por los medios de comunicación globales. Como conclusión se deli-nean unos pocos requisitos para ese nuevo planteamiento. Texto completo: http://www.um.es/fccd/anales/ad07/ad0716.pdf

53. Menou, M. J. , "The global digital divide; beyond hICTeria ". Aslib proceedings, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2001, pp. 112-114.

Descriptores: Internet/Documentos electrónicos/Aspecto social/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: Questions the values and wisdom of those proposing to tackle the global digital divide. Why, for instance, the concern for the digital divide and not the health divide? Questions too the methods for determining and measuring the divide and the naive assumption that the Internet itself can transform the destinies of the digitally poor. What is really at issue is not finding the best way of bringing the Internet to the poor, but finding the best way for the poor to take advantage of the Internet in order to improve their lot.

54. Moe, T., "Bridging the ?Digital Divide? in Colorado Libraries: Survey results from the Colorado Public Libraries & the ?Digital Divide? 2002 study.". Public Libraries, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Aspecto social/Bibliotecas públicas

Resumen: In the spring of 2002, Colorado public libraries participated in a LSTA funded study to assess the impact of public libraries on bridging the ?Digital Divide.? This article presents significant findings from that study. Purpose Many publicly funded libraries across the United States actively seek ways to promote literacy and free access to information. This is sometimes challenging. At the forefront of the challenges are funding, censorship, and technology equality. Technology has changed the face of communication and information delivery including: the way our children learn; how we stay in touch with each other; the way we do business; and how we define our communities. The ?Digital Divide? is the mainstream buzzword for technology inequality. Since the late 1990s research has determined that the ?Digital Divide? is an international phenomenon with far-reaching effects and broad definitions. Studies that have been used to articulate what the ?Digital Divide? is provide foundations for further studies on how to bridge that divide. Analyzing the role of librarians and libraries in bridging the divide provides policy-makers with information needed for making effective decisions related to technology in public libraries. By understanding technology use in public libraries, librarians can design a road map for serving customers and better understand the impact library services

have on customers and the community. http://www.lrs.org/documents/DD_2002/moefeature.pdf

55. Monge, R. and Chacón, F., "Cerrando la Brecha Digital en Costa Rica Acceso y Uso de las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones (TICs)". Fundación CAATEC, 2002.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Costa Rica/Centroamérica/Acceso a la información

Resumen: Los resultados expuestos en el presente documento, se espera que sirvan como elementos de juicio en la definición de políticas que promuevan el desarrollo de Costa Rica en un mundo cada vez más globalizado y de grandes transformaciones tecnológicas. Al mismo tiempo, se espera que su contenido sirva para que otros países se interesen en estos temas y compartan sus resultados con Costa Rica y el mundo. Texto completo: http://www.caatec.org/caatecUpload/u_1.pdf

56. Moore, M., "The development of the information literacy skills curriculum in the Sultanate of Oman". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Países en desarrollo/Asia/Brecha digital/Formación de usuarios/Países árabes

Resumen: New to the Sultanate of Oman and a part of its reform of education are Learning Resource Centers in its Basic Education schools, Cycle 1 and 2, with the mission to provide an educationally sound information literacy curriculum for developing the students of Oman into life-long learners, ones who would be able to use learning throughout their lives as a way to solve problems, act ethically, plan for the future, and prepare for change. Developed to provide lessons and activities to promote information literacy, a concept new to Oman, was the LRC Information Skills and Activities which is a progressive, continuous, and comprehensive curriculum. Stressed in this curriculum are the meta-cognitive skills of assessing and analyzing, organizing, communicating, and applying, all skills relevant to other curricula and thus emphasizing the holistic nature of the learning process so that most information literacy skills are not taught in isolation but rather integrated within other curricula. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss and illustrate the development of this information literacy curriculum framework and its learning outcomes and, as well, provide for each meta-skill samples of the activities and assessments designed to support them. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/146e-Moore.pdf

57. Mphidi, H., "Digital divide or digital exclusion? the role of libraries in bridging the digital divide". LIASA Conference, Vol. 7, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Africa/Países en desarrollo/Bibliotecas

Resumen: In this digital information age people who don’t have access to the internet and World Wide Web through the application of information and communication technologies (ICTs) are increasingly disadvantaged in their access to information (Cullen, 2003: 247). Number of factors has contributed to the digital divide such as poor education. Developing countries in Africa are the mostly affected by this digital divide. In developed countries government policies are being established to ensure that all people have access to ICTs and are able to use it. Technology is developing rapidly as a result leaving many people behind. This is a situation in Africa whereby many people are still lacking telecommunications infrastructure. Thos paper examines the role of libraries in bridging the digital divide. The paper starts by defining the concept “digital divide” then describe factors that contribute to the digital divide. It also discusses the digital divide in South Africa and the

initiatives in bridging this divide in South Africa. It then identifies some of the initiatives by the government in bridging the digital divide in South Africa. It concludes by providing the possible solutions in bridging the digital divide. Texto compelto: http://www.liasa.org.za/conferences/conference2004/papers/LIASA_Conference_2004_Mphidi.pdf

58. Muir, A. and Oppenheim, C., "National Information Policy developments worldwide I: electronic government". Journal of information science, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2002, pp. 173-186.

Descriptores: Política de información/Publicaciones oficiales/Publicaciones electronicas/Documentos electrónicos /Brecha digital

Resumen: A review of recent Government initiatives in the area of e- Government based upon a review of the literature is presented. The desk research covered the period 1997 to 2001, and covered a number of major countries, including Canada, USA, Member States of the European Union, South Africa, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. The UK was not included in the survey. The targets set by Government are often vague, and few governments seem to have addressed in any thoughtful manner the problems citizens might have with use of technology. An approach along the lines of ‘this is bound to happen’ rather than ‘what sort of society do we really want?’ is a common feature amongst all the approaches examined. The risks of enhancing the digital divide are also rarely explicitly addressed. Comments regarding good initiatives that offer models for other countries to adopt are made. The emergence of government portals is without doubt the most significant development. These provide the facility for personalization by the user. The New Zealand Government's efforts to ensure that its web sites are useful for citizens who have difficulty spelling and the Canadian Government's use of minority languages are also noteworthy. The leading countries are Australia, New Zealand, USA and Canada. The Australian Government's eprocurement strategy is a role model for the future.

59. Muir, A. and Oppenheim, C., "National Information Policy developments worldwide II: universal access, addressing the digital divide". Journal of information science, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2002, pp. 263-274.

Descriptores: Control bibliográfico/Política de información/Acceso a la información/Brecha digital

Resumen: Universal access refers to that part of a National Information Policy that attempts to ensure equal access to information for all, irrespective of location, financial resources or disabilities. This paper describes the results of a desk-based literature survey on recent developments in national information policies in this area. It considers the question of the digital divide, and the various approaches taken by governments in addressing the problems. It particularly notes the honesty with which the USA has described its problems, and the vigorous efforts it is making to address the problems.

60. Munster, I. L. d., "La brecha informativa en Latinoamérica: un caso de estudio". IFLA Council and General Conference, Vol. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Latinoamérica

Resumen: Este artículo informa sobre la brecha informativa existente, intentando definir lo que significa e implica esta brecha digital o informativa. Se destaca que esta circunstancia no es un problema local pero global, siendo identificado por varias organizaciones como un problema acuciante, el cual debe ser identificado y atacado. Se destaca la situación que atraviesan algunos países en América Latina y se da como ejemplo lo realizado por la Biblioteca Max von Buch de la Universidad de San Andrés en Argentina, al enfrentar dicha situación y tomar las medidas necesarias para satisfacer las necesidades de sus usuarios y lograr así superar las barreras de acceso a la información. En esta ponencia intentaré dar un breve panorama de lo que es el ‘digital or educational divide’ o la ‘brecha informativa o educacional’ que está afectando a tantos ciudadanos en el mundo. Luego, me centraré en lo que han intentado hacer los profesionales a cargo de la Biblioteca Max von Buch, de la Universidad de San Andrés para saltar esta barrera y brindar el servicio académico que necesitan los facultativos de dicha Institución. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/031s-Munster.pdf

61. Munster, I. L. d., "La brecha informativa en Latinoamérica: un caso de estudio". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Latinoamérica

62. Munster, I. L. d., "The digital divide in Latin America: a case study ". IFLA Council and General Conference, Vol. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Latinoamérica

Resumen: In this paper I will try to give a brief overview of what is called by many the “digital or educational divide” that is affecting so many citizens worldwide. I will then focus on what the professionals at the Max von Buch Library, Universidad de San Andrés, have attempted in an effort to overcome this barrier and to offer the kind of academic services the University’s faculty and students needs. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/031e_trans-Munster.pdf

63. Munster, I. L. d., "The digital divide in Latin America: a case study". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Latinoamérica

Resumen: The digital divide in Latin America: a case study Irene L. de Munster Duke University, USA Abstract: In this paper I will try to give a brief overview of what is called by many the “digital or educational divide” that is affecting so many citizens worldwide. I will then focus on what the professionals at the Max von Buch Library, Universidad de San Andrés, have attempted in an effort to overcome this barrier and to offer the kind of academic services the University’s faculty and students needs. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/031e_trans-Munster.pdf

64. Newhagen, J. E. and Bucy, E. P., "Routes to Media Access: Apprehending Internet Content ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información

Resumen: Politicians, civic leaders, and a host other good minded citizens agree that Internet access is good. Some go so far as to see access to the Internet as a key to the reinvigoration of our political system (Rheingold, 1993).1 While the topic receives a great deal of public attention, discussions frequently omit the critical question, _access to what? _ . One approach would reduce the issue of access to a simple discussion of power (Marx, 1867-1967). From that perspective power resides in the hands of those controlling the means of production; land in an agrarian society; machines in an industrial society; and information in a postmodern society. If the Internet represents the enabling technology for the information age, then it follows that access to the Internet is a necessary condition for access to power. But is it sufficient? If the concept is limited to mean physical access to computer apparatus, the answer is _ no. _ Access must be conceptualized in much broader human and technological terms. The idea that physical access to a computer is sufficient to enable Internet use, however, seems to dominate the thinking of many policy makers looking for simple or immediate solutions. The idea of access as a social imperative usually manifests itself in television news spots featuring a local politician dedicating a new computer lab at a school or public library. But these events may be no more than mere token gestures if the users of these machines do not possess the repertoire of skills and assets needed to enable deep access to meaning-laden content on the Internet. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/newhagen.pdf

65. Pablo, F., Mañas, E., and Marina, A., "La brecha digital en España: un análisis comparado". Jornadas de Política Económica, Vol. 6, 2004.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Sociedad de la información/España

Resumen: El desarrollo de las TIC y en especial de Internet no está experimentando una difusión homogénea sino que muestra marcadas diferencias por países, pero también en términos de grupos sociales, de edad o género. El trabajo se divide en dos partes. En la primera se estudia mediante un análisis descriptivo la penetración de Internet en España comparándola con la de otros países. En la segunda parte se explicitan los factores determinantes de la utilización de Internet mediante la utilización de regresiones logísticas. Texto completo: http://www.ub.es/graap/federico%20pablo.pdf

66. Parker, B., "Maori access to information technology". Electronic library, Vol. 21, No. 5, 2003, pp. 456-460.

Descriptores: Cultura tradicional/Internet/Australia/Brecha digital

Resumen: The extent of Internet access is a key indicator of the Maori people's ability to use information technologies for social, e-commerce and e-government communication. The key findings from national surveys of Internet use during 2000 and 2001, together with census data, provide an indication of Internet access amongst Maori. The results show there is a substantial 'digital divide' between Maori and other New Zealanders, in terms of access to the Internet and employment in information technology industries. This 'divide' is likely to be due to the lower household incomes and educational outcomes of Maori adults. While Maori currently do not have the same level of access to information technology as non-Maori, the growth in their participation has nonetheless been rapid. Texto completo: http://zerlina.emeraldinsight.com/vl=1185148/cl=25/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/cw/mcb/02640473/v21n5/s8/p456

67. Perez Esquivel, A., "Los muros de la información y la libertad". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Acceso a la información/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: Los muros de la información y la libertad. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/183s-Perez-Esquivel.pdf

68. Perez Esquivel, A., "The walls of information and freedom". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Acceso a la información/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: Although in some countries in South America great effort has been undertaken with regard to education by means of literacy campaigns intended for the population, it is also true that the student drop-out rate is high. In Latin America there are 43 million people who are illiterate. According to index figures, this number corresponds to people that are more than 24 years old. Indigenous communities as well as urban and rural marginal population centres reveal social inequalities in relation to access to education and opportunities of personal and social development. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/183e_trans-Perez-Esquivel.pdf

69. Proenza, F. J., "e For All ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Países en desarrollo

Resumen: Pervasive poverty and inequality amidst plenty is the major threat to prosperity, stability and peace at the dawn of the 21st Century. Notwithstanding extensive discourse about the digital divide, most information and communication technology (ICT) initiatives start by encouraging nations to become e-ready: to boost economic growth and increase e-commerce. These initiatives will help countries grow and contribute to poverty alleviation. But globalization and ICT development tend to increase inequality. Countries that seek widespread prosperity and social stability would do well to focus instead on e-ForAll; i.e. on making the opportunities that ICTs open up for individual and social improvement accessible to all citizens; and on applying ICTs to empower common folk and engage their participation in national and local development initiatives, and to reduce personal and societal insecurity. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/e-ForAll.pdf

70. Proenza, F. J., "FAO Investment Centre Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean, Telecenters and Telecenter Sustainability ". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Países en desarrollo/Latinoamérica

Resumen: The 1970s were a period of high growthfor Latin America and the Caribbean. It is now recognized it was growth based on an unsustainable model of protected industrial development.The 1980s is known as the lost decade:a period of severe imbalances, volatility, stagnation and adjustment. Poverty and inequality deteriorated sharply during the 1980s because of the deep recession and deterioration in income distribution.The 1990s have been years of economic recovery, macro stability and democratic development. As LAC countries grew, there was a reduction in poverty, but this reduction was limitedin scope to a large extent because of persistent inequality. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/proenza.pdf

71. Pérez Caminos, S., "Barreras socioculturales para la realización de cursos en línea. Experiencia en una Universidad privada de Colombia". NT 1 -Entornos Virtuales de Enseñanza Aprendizaje, 1999.

Descriptores: Internet/Acceso a la información/Países en desarrollo/Latinoamérica/Colombia/Enseñanza a distancia/Brecha digital

Resumen: La amplia brecha existente respecto del acceso a la información, entre educación pública y privada se ha aumentado aún más porque han sido las instituciones privadas las que han tomado el liderazgo de la aplicación de la informática en el ámbito de la educación , bien sea a distancia o presencial. Texto completo: http://www.cip.es/netdidactica/jornadas/ponencias/stella11.htm

72. Raseroka, K. , "Bridging the Digital Divide: report on the brainstorming session hosted". IFLA journal, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2003, pp. 65-77.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: IFLA embarked upon a restructuring process which culminated with the approval of the new Statutes in August 2000. The IFLA Core Values are an integral part of the new Statutes; but while they provide a unifying framework for members to define directions and prioritize strategic actions for implementation, this was not done during the restructuring process.Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/V/iflaj/ij-1-2003.pdf

73. Salinas, R., "Addressing the digital divide through collection development ". Collection Building, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2003, pp. 131-136.

Descriptores: Gestión de la colección/Países en desarrollo/Sociedad de la información/Brecha digital

Resumen: This paper discusses how libraries have and can address the digital divide through collection development. It provides specific examples of services and/or programs that have been implemented with this objective in mind. Since the term 'digital divide' is often debated, a working definition is presented. The definition includes various components, each of which are discussed in relation to libraries. The paper also provides an overview of how collection development has changed in general through the emergence of digital technology. The importance of partnership among various institutions of society is stressed if the divide is to be properly addressed. Texto completo: http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp?ArticleID=QW62BG278LGBU1UQ077N

74. Seiter, E., "Children Reporting On-Line: The Cultural Politics of the Computer Lab". IAMCR/ICA Symposium on the Digital Divide, 2001.

Descriptores: Niños/Brecha digital/Política cultural

Resumen: Does it make sense to introduce cultural studies perspectives into primary education? How do new technologies such as computers and Internet access facilitate ways of bringing identity politics and open discussion of popular culture into the elementary school classroom? This paper describes my experience teaching an after school class since 1999 to children ages 8-11, in which computers are used to write and publish a community newspaper. The class introduces students to new technologies such as digital photography and desktop publishing, while enhancing their writing and image-making skills. The program stands as a trial for an action research program where university academics may effectively intervene in some of the challenges facing primary education today, and as a means of gathering ethnographic data on children's understandings of, preferences for and interactions with new technologies. Texto completo: http://communication.utexas.edu/college/digital_divide_symposium/papers/seiter.pdf

75. Seneviratne, W., "Laying paving stones for a knowledge society: Community Information Literacy (CIL) and an analysis of barriers to upgrade CIL in rural Sri Lanka". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Países en desarrollo/Asia/Brecha digital

Resumen: It was identified by many scholars and researchers, Information Literacy (IL) as a compulsory requirement in modern citizenship to attain development in modern terms of reference. The paper is based on a sample survey conducted in rural areas of Sri Lanka. The paper attempts to identify components of IL concept and tries to buildup an Information Literacy Model relating to rural communities. It was able to derive through the survey, factors that affect the level of IL. Competency level of IL not only depends upon language literacy or on conventional education system, but on other social factors as well. The paper specifically tries to identify the barriers that affect adversely to those determining factors of IL, where as causing Information Illiteracy among rural citizens. The survey also had helped to identify possible structural and alternative proposals to propagate Community Information Literacy among rural communities. The paper establishes the fact that Information Literacy is a ‘living concept’, as phases of IL and factors that affect to its behaviour changes person to person and environment to environment. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/151e-Seneviratne.pdf

76. Shadrach, B. , "India's Development Information Network: Lessons Learned". Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology , Vol. 28, No. 2, 2002.

Descriptores: Redes de información/India/Países en desarrollo/Brecha digital

Resumen: The so-called digital divide between the industrialized and developing nations is being replicated within many developing countries like India, widening the big gulf between the majority poor and a minuscule English language-speaking population. Though the percentage of the English-speaking population is less than that of native language speakers, the gulf is fast becoming yet another divide of the social order. In the past half century, South Asian nations have done little to raise living standards of the majority poor who are a world apart from this microscopic, urban-based elite that is close to the centers of political and economic decision making. The big Indian names in the global IT industry such as Sabeer Bhatia, creator of Hotmail, and Azim Premji, rated by Forbes magazine among the world's five richest people, belong to this class. Texto completo: http://www.asis.org/Bulletin/Jan-02/shadrach.html

77. Shimmon, R., "Can we bridge the digital divide?". Library Association Record, Vol. 103, No. 11, 2001.

Descriptores: Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Países en desarrollo/Aspecto social/Brecha digital

Resumen: What can the international library community do about the growing gap between those with access to ICT and those without, asks Ross Shimmon. The digital divide is one of the biggest issues facing the world today. It is surely up there with the environment and the future of the planet and, after the terrible events in the USA, international security. By a whole range of measures, most of us in the West live incomparably more comfortable lives than the majority of people in the developing world. Rapidly advancing information and telecommunications technologies (ICTs) potentially have the power to help improve living conditions in the countries of the South. But they also threaten to increase the gap in living standards. Can libraries help to bridge the growing digital divide? I believe they can, if we seize the opportunity. Texto completo: http://www.la-hq.org.uk/directory/record/r200111/article2.html

78. Shvartsman, M., "The SONEGOS Website as a Gateway to the Libraries of the Commonwealth of Independent States". IFLA journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2002, pp. 69-73.

Descriptores: Internet/Bibliotecas/Rusia/Países del Este /Portales/Brecha digital

Resumen: The SONEGOS website project of fue Russian State Library (http://www.rsl.ru/ SONEGOS/e_sonl.htm) aims to provide an Internet gateway to other libraries in fue Cornmonwea!th of Independent States (CIS). The aims, problems and history of fue project, and the decisions taken, are briefly described. Similarities and differences in content, language policy and interactivity between library websites in CIS countries are noted. It ir'hoped that fue SONEGOS project will help to overcome fue digital divide which exists between the libraries oí difierent CIS countries by acting as a tool for cooperation and the exchange oí information technology. Concludes that the national library oí each CIS country would be fue best gateway to the other libraries oí fue country. Texto completo de la revista: http://www.ifla.org/V/iflaj/art2802.pdf

79. Volkow, N., "La brecha digital, un concepto social con cuatro dimensiones". Boletín de Política Informática, Vol. 6, 2003.

Descriptores: Brecha digital/Acceso a la información/Tecnologías de la información/Internet/Sociedad de la información

Resumen: La difusión masiva del uso de la tecnología de la información y las comunicaciones (TIC) ha redefinido la realidad en que vivimos. Su impacto hace surgir nuevas industrias y desaparecer otras; también ha forzado la creación de nuevos términos y conceptos para denotar aspectos que no existían antes. En muchas ocasiones estos términos se usan de manera coloquial sin que necesariamente quienes lo utilizan quieran denotar lo mismo, pero usarlo da un sentido de pertenencia a esta nueva época. Texto completo: http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/prensa/contenidos/articulos/tecnologia/brecha.pdf

80. Zachary, G. P., "Black star: Ghana, information technology and development in Africa". First Monday, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2004.

Descriptores: Países en desarrollo/Africa/Tecnologías de la información/Sociedad de la información/Brecha digital

Resumen: Accra, the capital of the West African country of Ghana, is technologically marginalized by any measure. But over the past ten years, the introduction of the Internet, wireless technology and freer radio broadcasts have vastly expanded communications and information. The Internet is widely available. Email usage is soaring. Wireless telephony is growing rapidly. Radio stations are proliferating. Once mired in information poverty, the people of Accra, Ghana now face the challenge of using information and connectivity to their best advantage. In examining how Accra adapts to technological change, we gain a better understanding of how people in poor African cities use technology and what they want from it. Debates over the socalled 'digital divide' can be enriched by close studies of lived experience in parts of the world where the revolution in information technology remains more prospect than reality.

81. Zeni Marchiori, P., "Projeto Digitando o Futuro: a inclusão digital unindo quantidade de acesso à qualidade de conteúdo". Coloquio Internacional de Ciencias de la Documentación, Vol. 5, 2004.

Descriptores: Bibliotecas digitales/Brecha digital

Resumen: Quando em 1996 os Estados Unidos da América iniciou um movimento para o que foi chamado de Infra-Estrutura Global de informações (Global Information Infraestructure - GII), considerava-se como implícita a condição de que todos os países precisariam constituir uma política de informação nacional. Durante os anos de 1996 e 2000, os países “alinhados” aos EUA nortearam linhas de ação para permitir e estimular a inclusão digital.

82. Zhang Hongxia, "Serious Challenge, Historic Opportunity: Information Literacy Education in China". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Países en desarrollo/Asia/Brecha digital/Formación de usuarios/China

Resumen: It has been three decades since 1974 when the concept Information Literacy was put forward firstly by Paul Zurbowski. In the past thirty years, the research and practice on information literacy education has gained a great deal of achievements, especially in developed countries. But in China, before 1994, few people knew the concept and nature of information literacy. Fortunately, in the recent ten years, more and more Chinese people increasingly have been paying much more attention to it. On January 7-9, 2002, the national Conference of College and University Information Literacy Education Research was taken place at Heilongjiang University in China, many LIS professionals and China’s Education Ministry officials participated the conference. That was the milestone on IL research and practice in china, because it was the first time for Chinese LIS profession to hold a national conference formally named information literacy, also it was the first time that the traditional course term Literature Retrieval was replaced by information literacy. Nowadays in china, there is no nationally agreed syllabus on information literacy education, but Developing information literacy education was put forward to be one of the college and university library’s five core institutional missions formulated by China’s Ministry of Education in 2002. It is a historic opportunity for China’s LIS profession to raise the prestige of library and to contribute to our society. Although we are behind in the information literacy research and practice compared with the developed countries, we are fully awareness of that we are facing the serious challenges, the author try to express the idea that as a LIS professional we will never shirk our responsibility and will never lose the courage to adjust ourselves, we will challenge challenges in order to converge the international conventions. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/148e-Zhang.pdf

83. Zohreh Mirhosseini, "Information Literacy Activities that meet changes in Iranian Society". IFLA Council and General Conference, No. 70, 2004.

Descriptores: Sociedad de la información/Países en desarrollo/Asia/Brecha digital/Formación de usuarios/Países árabes

Resumen: This paper will discuss how information literacy skills can be increased among neo & semiliterates sections of Iranian population. Initially practical suggestions for promoting IL skills are made, based on a national survey carried out in 2003 by the Iranian Literacy Movement Organization (LMO), affiliated to the Ministry of Education. These suggestions will include: - Producing activity oriented materials. - Organising reading circles in the libraries of community learning centres (CLCs) for analysing and evaluating information. CLCs in Iran are supervised by LMO. - Applying new participatory methods in educational programmes, such as brain storming and group discussions. The above experiences have achieved much of the LMO's aims. It is hoped that through this paper our experiences gained in this filed in Iran will be introduced and shared with our international colleagues. Texto completo: http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/138e-Mirhosseini.pdf